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Vulgar Latin
Vulgar Latin is a generic term for the ''nonstandard'' (as opposed to ''classical'') sociolects of Latin from which the Romance languages developed. Works written in Latin during classical times used Classical Latin rather than Vulgar Latin (originally called ''sermo vulgaris''), with very few exceptions (most notably sections of Gaius Petronius' ''Satyricon''). Because of its nonstandard nature, Vulgar Latin had no official orthography. Vulgar Latin is sometimes also called colloquial Latin, or Common Romance (particularly in the late stage). In Renaissance Latin, Vulgar Latin was called ''vulgare Latinum'' or ''Latinum vulgare''.
==Proto-Romance==
Vulgar Latin is often confused with ''Proto-Romance''.〔 Robert A. Hall, Jr. ( : ''Proto-Romance Phonology'' ) (review by Michael Herslund). ''Revue Romane'', Bind 13 (1978) 1.〕 Proto-Romance is a proto-language, i.e. the latest stage common to all of the Romance languages. Because some of the less familiar Romance languages branched off earlier than others (Sardinian in particular), followed by Romanian and related Eastern Romance languages, it is also common to reconstruct later stages: e.g. Proto–Continental Romance (after Sardinian branched off); Proto–Italo-Western Romance (after Sardinian and Romanian branched off); and Proto–Western Romance (after the branching-off of Sardinian, Romanian, and the central and southern Italian languages, including standard Italian).
Proto-Romance and the other proto-languages are theoretical, unitary linguistic constructions. Vulgar Latin, on the other hand, is the actual speech of the common people during the late Roman Empire. As a result, it is not simply theoretical but actually attested (if thinly), and is not unitary, with differences over both time and space. Hence, it is possible to speak of, for example, the loss of initial in unstressed syllables in the Vulgar Latin of Cantabria (an area in northern Spain), whereas it is meaningless to speak of a similar change in the "Proto-Romance of Cantabria".
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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